Every system in the transmission is built with what's called a factor of safety, which means they are overdesigned for purposes of functionality under extreme conditions, accounting for any manufacturing variations/defects, accounting for any misjudgement in engineering or inaccuracy in calculation, and longevity. When a more powerful engine is placed in a car that wasn't designed to accept it, this margin for safety is reduced, but it still may be enough for the car to work, at least for a while.
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