Technically, it's called a resonator. The resonator IS the box, the foam inside is a secondary noise canceling measure. It's typical on most intake tracts. It's function is to capture pressure (sound) waves, bounce them around, and send them back up into the intake plenum 180 degrees out of phase, thus canceling some of the noises coming through the throttle body. It's like a passive version of those Bose noise canceling headphones.
It doesn't effect flow, so removing it will not change the performance of the engine. Removing it can't throw the check engine light.
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