Thank you, I suppose I should have looked that up before doing the work- I ordered 4x of this part number from Pelican, and they came with a gasket like I described. Of course they're not mentioned on the part description, or shown in the photos, but the photos don't show the clamps and grease that came with the boots either, so who knows.
https://www.pelicanparts.com/cgi-bin/smart/more_info.cgi?pn=928-332-293-02-M60
So if I had to guess, the unnecessary gasket failed, grease migrated out, and the loctite failed as a result. Maybe with a helping hand from extra room from the missing thickness of the gasket. Is there anything needed to seal parts 4 and 5 together in the diagram? Other than the clamping force of the axle bolts, I guess. Is that enough?
The weird thing is that the other side hasn't had any such troubles, and I didn't do anything different there. Maybe time to check those bolts too.